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You are here: Home / Extras / Glossary / Forcings Forçages

Forcings Forçages

28 Nov 2004 by group

Forcings in the climate sense are external boundary conditions or inputs to a climate model. Obviously changes to the sun’s radiation are external, and so that is always a forcing. The same is true for changes to the Earth’s orbit (“Milankovitch cycles”). Things get a little more ambigous as you get closer to the surface. In models that do not contain a carbon cycle (and that is most of them), the level of CO2 is set externally, and so that can be considered a forcing too. However, in models that contain a carbon cycle, changes in CO2 concentrations will occur as a function of the climate itself and in changes in emissions from industrial activity. In that case, CO2 levels will be a feedback, and not a forcing. Almost all of the elements that make up the atmosphere can be considered feedbacks on some timescale, and so defining the forcing is really a function of what feedbacks you allow in the model and for what purpose you are using it. A good discussion of recent forcings can be found in Hansen et al (2002) and in Schmidt et al (2004).

Les forçages aux sens climatique du terme, correspondent aux conditions aux limites ou “entrées” (input du modèle climatique. Les changements de rayonnement solaire sont évidemment externes, de telle manière qu’ils forment toujours un forçage. C’est également vrai pour les changements de l’orbite terrestre (“Cycles de Milankovitch”). Par contre, cette définition est plus ambiguë quand on se rapproche de la surface de la planète. Dans les modèles n’incluant pas le cycle du carbone (c’est a dire la majorité), la concentration du CO2 est fixée en externe, ce qui peut donc être considéré comme un forçage également. Par contre, dans les modèles qui incluent le cycle du carbone, les changements de concentration en CO2 seront fonction du climat et des changements liés a l’activité industrielle. Dans ce cas, les niveaux de CO2 seront des rétroactions, et non pas des forçages. Presque tous les éléments constitutifs de l’atmosphère peuvent être considérées comme des rétroactions, et donc définir un forçage est réellement dépendant des rétroactions possibles dans le modèle, et dans quel but il est utilisé. Une bonne discussion des forçages récents peut être trouvée dans Hansen et al (2002) et dans Schmidt et al (2004).

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